Tumor nasal de músculo liso de comportamiento maligno incierto: informe de un caso / Nasal smooth muscle tumor of uncertain malignant potential: A case report

Los tumores de músculo liso que no pueden ser clasificados según su histología como leiomiomas o leiomiosarcomas se denominan tumores de músculo liso de comportamiento maligno incierto. La localización nasal de estos tumores es muy infrecuente y la extensión adecuada de la cirugía para tratar estas neoplasias no está bien definida. Se describe el caso clínico de una adolescente de 16 años, que consultó por padecer un tumor de aspecto vascular en la cavidad nasal derecha y que fue tratada con éxito mediante cirugía intranasal. El diagnóstico histológico fue tumor de músculo liso de comportamiento maligno incierto. Por la rareza de estas neoplasias, su infrecuente localización nasal y la falta de evidencia que soporte cuál debe ser la extensión de la cirugía, es relevante la descripción y discusión del caso clínico.

Smooth muscle tumors that cannot be histologically classified as leiomyomas or leiomyosarcomas are defined as smooth muscle tumors of uncertain malignant potential. The location of these tumors in the nose is very rare, and the appropriate surgical extent to manage these neoplasms has not been adequately defined. Here we describe the case of a 16-year-old female adolescent who consulted due to a vascular-like tumor in the right nasal cavity who was successfully treated with intranasal surgery. The histological diagnosis was smooth muscle tumor of uncertain malignant potential. Given that these neoplasms are rare, the uncommon location in the nose, and the lack of evidence indicating the extent of surgery, it is relevant to describe and discuss this clinical case.

Duplicación del colédoco asociado a unión biliopancreática anómala: Reporte de caso / Common bile duct duplication associated with anomalous biliopancreatic junction: A case report

Introducción. La duplicación del colédoco es una anomalía congénita poco frecuente. En la mayoría de los casos este defecto se asocia a cálculos en la vía biliar, unión pancreatobiliar anómala, pancreatitis, cáncer gástrico o colangiocarcinoma. Por esta razón, el diagnóstico y el tratamiento temprano son importantes para evitar las complicaciones descritas a futuro. Métodos. Se presenta el caso de una paciente de 30 años, con antecedente de pancreatitis aguda, con cuadro de dolor abdominal crónico, a quien se le realizaron varios estudios imagenológicos sin claro diagnóstico. Fue llevada a manejo quirúrgico en donde se documentó duplicación del colédoco tipo II con unión pancreatobiliar anómala. Resultados. Se hizo reconstrucción de las vías biliares y hepatico-yeyunostomía, con adecuada evolución postoperatoria y reporte final de patología sin evidencia de tumor. Conclusión. El diagnóstico se hace mediante ecografía endoscópica biliopancreática, colangiorresonancia o colangiopancreatografía retrógrada endoscópica. El tratamiento depende de si está asociado o no a la presencia de unión biliopancreática anómala o cáncer. Si el paciente no presenta patología neoplásica, el tratamiento quirúrgico recomendado es la resección del conducto con reconstrucción de las vías biliares.

Introduction. Double common bile duct is an extremely rare congenital anomaly. This anomaly may be associated with bile duct stones, anomalous biliopancreatic junction, pancreatitis, bile duct cancer, or gastric cancers. Thus, early diagnosis and treatment is important to avoid complications. Clinical case. We report a rare case of double common bile duct associated with an anomalous biliopancreatic junction in a 30-year-old female, with prior history of acute pancreatitis, who presented with chronic abdominal pain. She underwent several imaging studies, without clear diagnosis. She was taken to surgical management where duplication of the type II common bile duct was documented with anomalous pancreatobiliary junction. Results. Reconstruction of the bile ducts and hepatico-jejunostomy were performed, with adequate postoperative evolution and final pathology report without evidence of tumor. Conclusion. Diagnosis is usually performed by an endoscopic ultrasound, magnetic resonance cholangiopancrea-tography, or endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography. Treatment depends on the presence of anomalus biliopancreatic junction or concomitant cancer. In cases without associated malignancy, resection of bile duct and biliary reconstruction is the recommended surgical treatment.

Perforación colónica por endoprótesis biliar impactada / Colonic perforation due to impacted biliary stent

Introducción. La colocación de endoprótesis biliares es cada día más frecuente por ser actualmente una de las mejores opciones para el tratamiento de patologías de la vía biliar. La migración de las endoprótesis es una de las complicaciones que puede ocurrir en hasta un 10,8 % de los pacientes, pero en muy raras ocasiones llegan a causar una perforación intestinal. Caso clínico. Se trata de una paciente de 61 años, a quien cinco años atrás se le realizó una colangiopancreatografía retrógrada endoscópica por coledocolitiasis. Consultó por presentar dolor abdominal, y al examen físico se encontraron abdomen agudo y plastrón en fosa ilíaca izquierda a la palpación. La tomografía computarizada informó un cuerpo extraño a nivel del colon descendente, con perforación del mismo. Se realizó laparotomía exploratoria y colostomía por perforación del colon sigmoides secundaria a prótesis biliar migrada. Resultados. La paciente evolucionó favorablemente y a los seis meses se realizó el cierre de la colostomía, sin complicaciones. Conclusión. Los pacientes a quienes se les colocan prótesis biliares requieren un seguimiento adecuado para evitar complicaciones que, aunque raras, pueden ocurrir, como la migración intestinal con perforación. El tratamiento de dichas complicaciones se hace por vía endoscópica, laparoscópica o laparotomía en caso de complicación severa.

Introduction. Endoscopic placement of biliary stents is becoming more common every day, as it is currently one of the best options for the treatment of bile duct pathologies. One of the complications that can occur is the migration of the endoprostheses in up to 10.8% of patients, which in very rare cases can cause intestinal perforation. Clinical case. This is a 61-year-old female patient, who underwent endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography five years ago for choledocholithiasis. She consulted due to abdominal pain, with a physical examination that upon palpation documented an acute abdomen and a palpable plastron in the left iliac fossa. The computed tomography revealed a foreign body at the level of the descending colon, with perforation. Exploratory laparotomy and colostomy were performed due to perforation of the sigmoid colon secondary to migrated biliary prosthesis. Results. The patient progressed favorably and six months later the colostomy was closed without complications. Conclusions. Patients who receive biliary stents require adequate follow-up to avoid complications that, although rare, may occur, such as intestinal migration with intestinal perforation. The treatment of these complications can be endoscopic, laparoscopic or laparotomy in case of severe complication.

Evaluation of sinonasal-related quality of life of 49 patients undergoing endoscopic skull base surgery

Abstract Objective This study aimed to evaluate the sinonasal-related Quality of Life (QoL) in patients undergoing endoscopic skull base surgery. Methods A retrospective study was performed, including patients with benign and malignant tumors at a single institution. Each patient completed the 22-Item Sino-Nasal Outcome Test (SNOT-22) and the Empty Nose Syndrome 6 Item Questionnaires (ENS6Q) to assess their perceived QoL at least 2-months after treatment. Results Forty-nine patients were enrolled in this study. The average score was 25.1 (Stander Deviation [SD] 14.99) for SNOT-22 and 6.51 (SD = 5.58) for ENS6Q. Analysis of the overall results for the SNOT-22 showed that olfactory damage was the most serious syndrome. The most frequently reported high-severity sub-domains in SNOT-22 were nasal symptoms and sleep symptoms. Nasal crusting was the most severe item in ENS6Q according to the report. Nine patients (18.4%) had a score higher than 10.5 which indicates the high risk of Empty Nose Syndrome (ENS). SNOT-22 score was related to the history of radiotherapy (p < 0.05), while the ENS6Q score was not. Conclusions The possibility of patients suffering from ENS after nasal endoscopic skull base surgery is at a low level, although the nasal cavity structure is damaged to varying degrees. Meanwhile, patients undergoing endoscopic skull base surgery were likely to suffer nasal problems and sleep disorders. Patients who had received radiotherapy have a worse QoL than those without a history of radiotherapy. Level of evidence Level 3.

Alternativa terapéutica para mejorar la calidad de vida en pacientes con fibrosis quística y discinesia ciliar primaria / Therapeutic alternative to improve quality of life in patients with cystic fibrosis and primary ciliary dyskinesia

Objective: To evaluate the clinical response of patients with cystic fibrosis and primary ciliary dyskinesia after endoscopic sinus surgery at the Dr. Robert Reid Cabral Children's Hospital from September 2021 to February 2022. Methods: An ambispective, cross-sectional, observational case series study was conducted, where the study population was made up of patients with cystic fibrosis and primary ciliary dyskinesia at the Dr. Robert Reid Cabral children's hospital during the study period. Inclusion criteria: Patients older than 6 years with a confirmed diagnosis of cystic fibrosis and primary ciliary dyskinesia (Genetic test with 2 homozygous mutations, positives electrolytes in sweat), severe respiratory symptoms of CRS that did not improve with conventional treatment and underwent endoscopic surgery for sinuses. Results: Of a total of 41 patients, only 10 met the inclusion criteria, the most prevalent age range was 14 to 18 years. Both CF and PCD patients decreased the frequency of CRS symptoms. After ENC, there were discrete changes in lung function, and only patients with severe to moderate disease increased % of FEV1. Most of the patients did not require admission after surgery. The most common germ found in nasopharyngeal and sputum cultures in preoperative patients was Pseudomonas aeruginosa in 86%; after ESS there was a significant increase in MRSA colonization in both CF and PCD patients. More than 50% of postoperative patients improved their quality of life, so endoscopic sinus surgery is effective in this population in the treatment of chronic rhinosinusitis.

Objetivo: Evaluar la respuesta clínica de los pacientes con fibrosis quística y discinesia ciliar primaria posterior a la cirugía endoscópica de senos paranasales en el Hospital Infantil Dr. Robert Reid Cabral en el período septiembre 2021 a febrero 2022. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio observacional tipo serie de casos, de corte transversal y ambispectivo, donde la población estudiada estuvo conformada por los pacientes con fibrosis quística y discinesia ciliar primaria del hospital infantil Dr. Robert Reid Cabral en el período de estudio. Criterios de inclusión: Pacientes mayores de 6 años con diagnóstico confirmado de fibrosis quística y discinesia ciliar primaria (Prueba genética con 2 mutaciones homocigotas, electrolitos en sudor positivos), síntomas respiratorios severos de RSC que no mejoraron con tratamiento convencional y sometidos a la cirugía endoscópica de senos paranasales. Resultados: De un total de 41 pacientes, sólo 10 cumplieron con los criterios de inclusión, el rango de edad más prevalente fue de 14 a 18 años. Tanto los pacientes con FQ como los de DCP disminuyeron la frecuencia de los síntomas de RSC. Posterior a la CEN hubo cambios discretos en la función pulmonar, y sólo los pacientes con enfermedad grave a moderada aumentaron el % de FEV1. La mayoría de los pacientes no ameritaron ingresos posterior a la cirugía. El germen más común encontrado en los cultivos nasofaríngeo y esputo en los pacientes preoperatorios fue la Pseudomonas aeruginosa en el 86%, luego de la CEN hubo un aumento significativo de la colonización por MRSA tanto en los pacientes con FQ como en los de DCP. Más del 50% de los pacientes postquirúrgicos mejoraron su calidad de vida, por lo que la cirugía endoscópica de senos paranasales es efectiva en dicha población en el tratamiento de la rinosinusitis crónica.

Evaluation of Fine Needle Biopsy (FNB) for Endoscopic Ultrasound (EUS)-guided tissue acquisition of pancreatic masses to negate the need for rapid on-site evaluation: A randomized control trial

Background and Objectives@#The benefits of rapid on-site evaluation (ROSE) of endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine needle aspiration (EUS-FNA) of solid masses have not been convincingly shown in large, randomized trials. New equipment using EUS-guided fine needle biopsy (FNB) allows for more material to be acquired that may obviate the need for ROSE. This study aimed to evaluate if EUS-FNB without ROSE was non-inferior to EUS-FNA with ROSE in solid pancreatic masses (SPMs). @*Methods@#Patients with SPMs requiring tissue sampling were randomly assigned to undergo either EUS-FNA with ROSE or EUS-FNB without ROSE. The touch-imprint cytology technique was used to perform ROSE. The primary endpoint was diagnostic accuracy and secondary endpoints were specimen quality, complication rates, and procedure time. @*Results@#Seventy-eight patients were randomized and analyzed (39 EUS-FNA with ROSE and 39 EUS-FNB without ROSE). Non-significantly different diagnostic accuracies were noted in both groups (97% with ROSE and 100% without ROSE, P < 0.371). The bloodiness of histologic samples and complication rates were not significantly different between groups. A significantly shorter mean sampling procedural time was noted for EUS-FNB over EUS-FNA with ROSE (30.4 ± 10.4 vs 35.8 ± 9.8 minutes, P < .02). @*Conclusions@#EUS-FNB demonstrated equal diagnostic accuracy with shorter procedure times in evaluating SPMs compared to EUS-FNA with ROSE. These new-generation FNB needles may obviate the need for ROSE.

Acalasia o hipertrofia del músculo Cricofaríngeo: opciones de tratamiento

La disfagia alta es un síntoma frecuente de consulta al otorrinolaringólogo o gastroenteròlogo. Los diagnósticos diferenciales son trastornos de la deglución por daño neurològico, anillos esofágicos superiores, globus faríngeo, neoplasia, disfagia lusoria y trastornos motores inespecífico y otras más raras aún. Hay escasa literatura actualizada en pacientes adultos. El diagnóstico se basa en el estudio radiológico baritado, endoscopia y complementariamente con manometría. Las opciones de tratamiento son motivo de discusión, dada la poca evidencia disponible. En este artículo se presentan los resultados observados en una cohorte de 10 pacientes con diagnóstico confirmado de acalasia del cricofaríngeo sometidos a dilatación endoscópica (7 pacientes) o miotomía quirúrgica por cervicotomía (3 pacientes). Se evaluó evolución de la disfagia, complicaciones post procedimiento y resultados a largo plazo. No hubo complicaciones mayores, la disfagia mejoro en ambos grupos, en el grupo de dilatación se complementó el tratamiento con dilataciones periódicas en 2 pacientes. No hubo diferencias significativas en los 2 grupos estudiados. Conclusión: ambas opciones terapéuticas presentan buenos resultados en el tratamiento de estos pacientes.

Dysphagia at cervical level is a frequent symptom causing visit to otolaryngologist or gastroenterologist. The differential diagnoses are swallowing disorders due to neurological damage, upper esophageal rings, pharyngeal globus, neoplasia, non-specific motor disorders and other even rarer ones. There is little updated literature in adult patients. The diagnosis is based on the barium radiological study, endoscopy and complementary manometry. Treatment options are a matter of discussion, given the little evidence available. This paper presents the results observed in a cohort of 10 patients with a confirmed diagnosis of cricopharyngeal achalasia who underwent endoscopic dilation (7 patients) or surgical myotomy by cervicotomy (3 patients). The evolution of dysphagia, post-procedure complications and long-term results were evaluated. There were no major complications, dysphagia improved in both groups, in the dilation group the treatment was supplemented with periodic dilations in 2 patients. There were no significant differences in the 2 groups studied. Conclusion: both therapeutic options present good results in the treatment of these patients.

Endoscopic Ultrasound-Directed Transgastric Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangiopancreatography in a Patient with Gastric Bypass. Report of the First Local Case

We describe the first case in our environment of endoscopic ultrasound (EUS)-assisted transgastric endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography in a patient with gastric bypass surgery. The procedure was performed with a side-viewing duodenoscope through a jejunogastrostomy using apposing stents, placed with EUS assistance, and a standard technique and instruments.

Se describe el primer caso en nuestro medio de colangiopancreatografía retrógrada endoscópica transgástrica asistida por endosonografía en una paciente con cirugía de baipás gástrico. El procedimiento se realizó con duodenoscopio de visión lateral a través de una yeyunogastrostomía por stent de aposición, emplazado con asistencia endosonográfica y con una técnica e instrumental estándar.

Eight years experience of transanal endoscopic microsurgery

Introduction: Transanal Endoscopic Microsurgery (TEM) is a minimally invasive method for management of different proctologic conditions. Despite widespread use of this method, it is not used widely in Iran. This report is about to describe the application of TEM in managing different proctologic conditions in a tertiary colorectal referral center in Iran regarding methods and complications. Methods: All of the patients' documents such as procedure, method, early postop complications and further operations were actively reviewed and the data were entered in to the database. Results: Since 2012 till the end of 2020 chart review was done and 150 cases of TEM operation were found. The most frequent procedure that was done was resection procedure. Using different energy devices during surgery or suturing versus not suturing the defect were not associated with complication. There was a case of in hospital mortality and one case delayed perianal fistula following TEM. Measurement of lesion distance from anal verge was not significantly different using TEM or colonoscopy. Villous adenomas detected in colonoscopy were mostly associated with malignancy. In evaluated resected lesions most of cases had free base and distance from anal verge or using different energy devices were not associated with obtaining free base. Conclusion: TEM is a safe minimal invasive procedure with acceptable complications that could be helped in managing different proctologic conditions and the results of reviewing our patients revealed the same results that is reported from other colorectal centers. (AU)

AQUACEL® Ag Advantage reduces the stress of postoperative packing removal after endoscopic sinus surgery

Abstract Objective: After Endoscopic Sinus Surgery (ESS), packing plays an important role in wound healing and hemostasis. However, the effect of the packing removal procedure on physician stress has not been evaluated. The purpose of this study was to evaluate physician stress during packing removal for patients treated with AQUACEL® Ag Advantage versus KALTOSTAT®. Methods: This retrospective study included 15 patients who underwent packing with ESS for chronic rhinosinusitis performed at two centers; 9 were treated with AQUACEL® Ag Advantage and 6 were treated with KALTOSTAT®. Physician stress during packing removal was evaluated with the National Aeronautics and Space Administration-Task Load Index (NASA-TLX). The time required to remove the packing and the number of instruments used in the procedure were recorded. Postoperative bleeding (Boezaart bleeding score) and wound healing were graded. Patient symptoms on the day after surgery and pain during packing removal were assessed using a visual analog scale. Results: Computed tomography scores, asthma complications, and blood eosinophil counts were significantly higher in the AQUACEL® Ag Advantage group. Patient symptoms on the day after surgery were not significantly different between the two groups. Physician stress during the task of packing removal was significantly lower in the AQUACEL® Ag Advantage group than in the KALTOSTAT® group (35.5 vs. 81.0, p = 0.016) according to the NASA-TLX scores. The number of instruments used in the procedure was significantly lower in the AQUACEL® Ag Advantage group than in the KALTOSTAT® group (3.0 vs. 6.0, p = 0.015). There were no significant differences in procedure time for packing removal, postoperative bleeding, wound healing, or patient pain at the time of packing removal between the groups. Conclusion: Physicians feel stressed about packing removal. In addition, AQUACEL® Ag Advantage is useful for packing after ESS, requiring fewer instruments for the procedure than KALTOSTAT® and reducing physician stress about the procedure. Level of evidence: Level 3.

Anaplastic (undifferentiated) carcinoma of pancreas, an uncommon variant: Diagnosed on endoscopic-guided fine needle aspiration

Anaplastic carcinoma of pancreas (ACP) are rare pancreatic neoplasms. They are well known to be associated with more aggressive tumor behavior and less favorable prognosis than usual pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. Endoscopic-guided fine needle aspiration (EUS-FNA) is now a widely accepted modality in diagnosis of pancreatic lesions. However, only a few reports are available describing cytological features of anaplastic carcinoma. Here, we report two cases of ACP diagnosed on EUS-FNA.

Drainage of Pancreatic Pseudocysts Using Lumen-apposing Metal Stents (LAMS): Experience in Two Referral Centers in Colombia

Introduction: Endoscopic ultrasound (EUS)-guided drainage and luminal-apposing metal stents (LAMS) are the options for managing symptomatic pancreatic pseudocysts. Aim: To evaluate the effectiveness and safety of LAMS for EUS-guided drainage of symptomatic pancreatic pseudocysts in two referral centers in Colombia. Materials and methods: A multicenter prospective cohort study between June 2019 and December 2021 included 13 patients diagnosed with symptomatic pancreatic pseudocysts who underwent EUS-guided drainage with LAMS. Technical success, clinical success, and successful stent removal were evaluated as outcomes. Safety outcomes included stent-related adverse events and general adverse events. Follow-up was carried out for eight weeks, collecting data on stent removal. Results: The average age was 53.4 years; 8/13 were men. The mean size of the pseudocyst was 9.56 ± 2.3 cm. Technical success was 100%, and clinical success was 92.3%. The stents were removed on average after 8 ± 2 weeks. The mean procedural time from puncture to stent deployment was 3.2 ± 2.4 minutes. In the imaging check-up, the collections had adequate drainage in all cases. There was a low frequency of complications; bleeding was documented in one case requiring surgery. Conclusions: LAMS is safe and effective in managing symptomatic pancreatic pseudocysts, reducing hospital stay and cost overruns. Clinical symptomatology prevails in the surgery decision.

Introducción: el drenaje guiado por ultrasonido endoscópico (USE) y el uso de stent metálico luminal de aposición (LAMS) son de elección en el manejo de los pseudoquistes pancreáticos sintomáticos. Objetivo: evaluar la efectividad y seguridad del LAMS para el drenaje por USE de pseudoquistes pancreáticos sintomáticos en dos centros de referencia en Colombia. Materiales y métodos: estudio de cohorte prospectivo multicéntrico entre junio de 2019 y diciembre de 2021, se incluyeron a 13 pacientes con diagnóstico de pseudoquistes pancreáticos sintomáticos sometidos a drenaje por USE con LAMS. Se evaluaron como desenlaces el éxito técnico, el éxito clínico y la extracción exitosa del stent. Y los desenlaces de seguridad incluyeron eventos adversos relacionados con el stent y los eventos adversos generales. Se realizó seguimiento a 8 semanas, en las que se recopilaron datos relacionados con el retiro del stent. Resultados: la edad promedio fue 53,4 años, 8/13 fueron hombres. El tamaño medio del pseudoquiste fue de 9,56 ± 2,3 cm. El éxito técnico fue del 100% y el éxito clínico fue 92,3%. Los stents fueron retirados en promedio a las 8 ± 2 semanas. El tiempo medio del procedimiento desde la punción hasta el despliegue del stent fue 3,2 ± 2,4 minutos. En el control imagenológico hubo un adecuado drenaje de las colecciones en todos los casos. Hubo baja frecuencia de complicaciones, se documentó sangrado en 1 caso con requerimiento quirúrgico. Conclusiones: el uso de LAMS es seguro y efectivo en el manejo de pseudoquistes pancreáticos sintomáticos, disminuye la estancia hospitalaria y sobrecostos. La sintomatología clínica prima en la decisión de intervención.

Endosonographic Characteristics of Subepithelial Lesions of the Upper Digestive Tract: Experience of a Referral Center in Colombia

Introduction: Subepithelial lesions (SELs), described as bulges or masses covered by healthy-looking mucosa, are usually found incidentally during endoscopic studies. They are typically asymptomatic and are estimated to be identified in 1% of esophagogastroduodenoscopies performed. Materials and methods: A descriptive study was conducted with retrospective data collection. We included all patients treated at the Unión de Cirujanos, a referral gastroenterology unit of the Coffee Region in Manizales, between January 2020 and January 2022, who underwent endoscopic ultrasonography to study subepithelial-looking lesions located in the esophagus, stomach, and duodenum. Results: 152 endoscopic ultrasounds were performed, finding 108 SELs; 66.6% of the patients were women, and the average age was 58. Most SELs were located in the stomach (78.7%), the antrum being the most frequent location. The average diameter of the gastric SELs was 14.6 mm, and 47% of the lesions depended on the fourth echolayer; the most frequent presumptive diagnoses were gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST; 65.8%) and lipoma (11.7%). Conclusions: SELs of the GI tract originate in the muscularis mucosae, submucosa, or muscularis propria. They are most frequently located in the stomach, and their characterization usually requires endoscopic ultrasonography and histopathology. Treatment of these lesions remains controversial due to their low frequency, histological variety, and low malignant potential.

Introducción: las lesiones subepiteliales (LSE), descritas como abultamientos o masas cubiertas por mucosa de aspecto sano, se encuentran usualmente de manera incidental durante estudios endoscópicos; suelen ser asintomáticas y se estima que se identifican en el 1% de las esofagogastroduodenoscopias realizadas. Métodos: se realizó un estudio descriptivo con recolección retrospectiva de la información. Se incluyeron todos los pacientes atendidos en Unión de Cirujanos, unidad de gastroenterología de referencia del Eje Cafetero ubicada en la ciudad de Manizales, entre enero de 2020 y enero de 2022, a quienes se les realizó ultrasonografía endoscópica como parte del estudio de lesiones de aspecto subepitelial localizadas en el esófago, estómago y duodeno. Resultados: se realizaron 152 endosonografías y se encontraron 108 lesiones subepiteliales, 66,6% de los pacientes eran mujeres y el promedio de edad fue 58 años. La mayoría de las LSE se localizaron en el estómago (78,7%) y, de estas, la localización más frecuente fue el antro; el diámetro promedio de las LSE gástricas fue de 14,6 mm y el 47% de las lesiones eran dependientes de la cuarta ecocapa; los diagnósticos presuntivos más frecuentes fueron el tumor del estroma gastrointestinal (GIST; 65,8%) y lipoma (11,7%). Conclusiones: las LSE del tracto gastrointestinal se originan en la muscular de la mucosa, submucosa o muscular propia, de manera más frecuente se localizan en el estómago y su caracterización suele requerir la realización de ultrasonografía endoscópica y estudio histopatológico. El tratamiento de estas lesiones sigue siendo controversial debido a su baja frecuencia, variedad histológica y bajo potencial maligno.

Impacto da pandemia de COVID-19 nos procedimentos de ultrassonografia endoscópica em uma unidade de endoscopia de alto volume no Brasil / The impact of the covid-19 pandemic on endoscopic ultrasound procedures in a high-volume endoscopy unit in brazil

ABSTRACT Background: Reports of the impact of the 2020 COVID-19 pandemic period/2020 on endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) are scarce. Objective: We analyzed the impact of the pandemic period/2020 on the demographics, indications, and number of diagnostic EUS (D-EUS) and interventional EUS (I-EUS) procedures performed in a high-volume endoscopy unit compared with the previous non-pandemic period/2019. Methods: We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of all patients undergoing D-EUS or I-EUS from March 1, 2019, to February 29, 2020 (non-pandemic period/2019) and from March 1, 2020, to February 28, 2021 (pandemic period/2020). Data compared between the study periods included sex, age, comorbidities, EUS findings and diagnosis, need for interventional procedures during EUS, and adverse events (AEs). Results were significant at P<0.05. Results: EUS procedures decreased from 475 in the non-pandemic period/2019 to 289 in the pandemic period/2020, accounting for a 39% reduction. In non-pandemic period/2019, 388 (81.7%) D-EUS and 88 (18.5%) I-EUS were performed, against 206 (71.3%) D-EUS and 83 (28.7%) I-EUS in pandemic period/2020 (P=0.001). Only 5/289 (1.7%) patients had COVID-19. Fewer patients with comorbidities underwent EUS during pandemic period/2020 due to lockdown measures (P<0.001). D-EUS decreased, whereas I-EUS increased (P<0.001). EUS-guided tissue acquisition (EUS-TA) was the most common I-EUS, performed in 83/289 (28.7%) patients in pandemic period/2020, against 88/475 (18.5%) in non-pandemic period/2019 (P=0.001). AEs did not differ significantly between the study periods. Conclusion: Pandemic Period/2020 had a moderate impact on reducing EUS procedures due to the risks involved. Although I-EUS increased, EUS-related AEs did not. Solid and cystic pancreatic tumors remained a major indication for EUS-TA even during the pandemic period/2020.

RESUMO Contexto: Os dados sobre o impacto da pandemia de COVID-19 2020 na ultrassonografia endoscópica (EUS) são escassos. Objetivo: Analisamos o impacto do período pandêmico/2020 na demografia, indicações e número das EUS diagnósticas (D-EUS) e intervencionistas EUS (I-EUS) realizados em uma unidade de endoscopia de alto volume e os comparamos com o período imediatamente anterior não-pandêmico/2019. Métodos: Revisamos retrospectivamente os prontuários de todos os pacientes submetidos a D-EUS ou I-EUS de 1 de março de 2019 a 29 de fevereiro de 2020 (período não-pandêmico/2019) e de 1º de março de 2020 a 28 de fevereiro de 2021 (período da pandemia/2020). Comparamos os dados entre os períodos do estudo incluímos o sexo, idade, comorbidades, achados e diagnóstico da EUS, necessidade de procedimentos intervencionistas durante a EUS e a ocorrência de eventos adversos (EAs). Os resultados foram significativos com P<0,05. Resultados: O número de ecoendoscopias diminuíram de 475 no período não-pandêmico/2019 para 289 no período pandêmico/2020, representando uma redução de 39%. No período não-pandêmico/2019 e pandêmico/2020 foram realizados 388 (81,7%) D-EUS e 88 (18,5%) I-EUS, contra 206 (71,3%) D-EUS e 83 (28,7%) I-EUS, respectivamente (P=0,001). Apenas 5/289 (1,7%) pacientes tinham COVID-19. Menos pacientes com comorbidades realizaram EUS durante o período pandêmico/2020 devido as medidas de bloqueio (P<0,001). D-EUS diminuiu, enquanto I-EUS aumentou (P<0,001). A EUS associada a aquisição tecidual (EUS-AT) foi a I-EUS mais comum, realizada em 83/289 (28,7%) pacientes no período pandêmico/2020, versus 88/475 (18,5%) no período não-pandêmico/2019 (P=0,001). Os EAs não diferiram significativamente entre os períodos do estudo. Conclusão: O período da pandemia/2020 teve impacto moderado na redução da EUS devido aos riscos envolvidos. Embora o I-EUS tenha aumentado, os EAs relacionados ao EUS não aumentaram. Os tumores pancreáticos sólidos e císticos permaneceram como uma das principais indicações para EUS-AT mesmo durante o período pandêmico/2020.

Outcomes of Endoscopic Sinus Surgery for Chronic Rhinosinusitis in Adults with Primary Ciliary Dyskinesia

Abstract Introduction Primary ciliary dyskinesia (PCD) is a rare inherited disease associated with impairment of mucociliary transport and, consequently, with a high incidence of chronic rhinosinusitis. For patients with chronic rhinosinusitis who remain symptomatic despite medical treatment, endoscopic sinus surgery is a safe and effective therapeutic option. However, to date, no studies have been found evaluating the effect of surgery on the quality of life associated with the effect on olfaction and nasal endoscopy findings of patients with primary ciliary dyskinesia and chronic rhinosinusitis. Objective To describe the effect of endoscopic sinus surgery on the quality of life, on olfaction, and on nasal endoscopy findings of adults with PCD and chronic rhinosinusitis. Methods Four patients who underwent endoscopic sinus surgery were included. The Sinonasal Outcome Test-22 (SNOT-22) score, the Nasal Obstruction Symptom Evaluation (NOSE) questionnaire, and the Lund-Kennedy score were collected preoperatively and at 3 and 6 months postoperatively. The olfaction as assessed with the University of Pennsylvania Smell Identification Test (UPSIT), which was administered preoperatively and 3 months postoperatively. Results A total of 4 patients with a mean age of 39.3 years old (3 men and 1 woman) completed the study. All patients showed clinically significant improvement in the SNOT-22, NOSE, and Lund-Kennedy scores at 3 months postoperatively, and this improvement was sustained throughout the follow-up period. However, olfaction did not improve after surgery. Conclusion The endoscopic sinus surgery treatment of chronic rhinosinusitis in adults with PCD was associated with improvement in quality of life and endoscopic findings. However, no improvement in olfaction was demonstrated. Studies with a larger number of patients and control groups should help confirm these findings.

Endoscopic or Microscopic Tympanoplasty Advantages and Disadvantages: A Theory Domain Systematic Review

Abstract Introduction Tympanoplasty is a reparative surgery that has multiple indications. The aid of a microscope or an endoscope is necessary to carry out the procedure. The classic method utilizes the microscope; however, in the recent decades, the endoscope has been popular. Although many articles try to compare these two techniques, there is still no robust evidence that confirms the superiority of either technique. In the present work, we seek to perform a systematic review contribute with this discussion. Objectives The present systematic review attempted to compare endoscopic and microscopic surgery techniques and to discover whether there would be superiority in the results of any of them, based on data currently available in the literature. Data Synthesis The objectives of the present review were organized according to the PICO planning and strategy adapted for systematic reviews. The inclusion and exclusion criteria were established aiming to select only select primary data. The main medical databases were searched usingan optimized search string with appropriate descriptors. The searched databases were MEDLINE, LILACS, SciELO, and EMBASE. A total of 99 studies were selected and 38 were fully assessed after the inclusion criteria were applied. All included articles were reviewed by all authors and their results were discussed and summarized. Conclusion The endoscopic technique was shown to be a safer technique comparable in effectiveness to the use of microscopy. In addition, it provides possible advantages such as shortening the surgical time and better postoperative pain outcomes.

La escisión total del mesorrecto transanal en el tratamiento del cáncer del recto como nueva técnica en Cuba

Introducción: Las indicaciones de la Microcirugía Transanal Endoscópica han evolucionado desde la cirugía de tumoraciones rectales hasta otras enfermedades pélvicas. La asociación de esta y la escisión total del mesorrecto transanal ofrece una serie de ventajas. Objetivo: Determinar las indicaciones, describir la técnica quirúrgica y mostrar los resultados a largo plazo obtenidos en la realización de la escisión total del mesorrecto transanal en el tratamiento del cáncer del recto medio y bajo. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio observacional descriptivo y prospectivo de los pacientes con cáncer del recto medio y bajo sometidos a esta técnica quirúrgica en el período comprendido entre febrero de 2017 y febrero de 2022 en el Centro Nacional de Cirugía de Mínimo Acceso. Resultados: Se operaron 13 pacientes, 9 con cáncer del recto bajo y 4 con cáncer del recto medio y un promedio de edad de 56,2 años (rango 28-76). El promedio de tiempo quirúrgico fue de 183 minutos (rango 120-270) y las pérdidas hemáticas estimadas de 68 mililitros. La incidencia de morbilidad mayor fue de 15,4 % y la media de estadía hospitalaria de 5,4 días. La media del período de seguimiento fue de 35 (rango 9-69) meses con una recidiva local de 7,7 % y una supervivencia global a los 5 años de 100 %. Conclusiones: La escisión total del mesorrecto transanal combinado con cirugía laparoscópica es una técnica factible y segura. La introducción de la variante técnica utilizando el instrumental de la Microcirugía Transanal Endoscópica es más ergonómica y disminuye los costos.

Introduction: The indications for transanal endoscopic microsurgery have evolved from surgery of rectal tumors to other pelvic diseases. The association between this and total excision of the transanal mesorectum offers a series of advantages. Objective: To determine the indications, to describe the surgical technique and to show the long-term outcomes obtained in the performance of total excision of the transanal mesorectum for treating cancer of the middle and lower rectum. Methods: A descriptive and prospective observational study was carried out of patients with cancer of the middle and lower rectum who underwent this surgical technique in the period from February 2017 to February 2022 at Centro Nacional de Cirugía de Mínimo Acceso. Results: Thirteen patients were operated on, 9 with cancer of the lower rectum and 4 with cancer of the middle rectum, as well as an average age of 56.2 years (range 28-76). The average surgical time was 183 minutes (range 120-270) and estimated blood loss was 68 milliliters. The incidence of highest morbidity was 15.4 % and mean hospital stay was 5.4 days. The median follow-up period was 35 (range 9-69) months, with a local recurrence of 7.7 % and an overall 5-year survival of 100 %. Conclusions: Total excision of the transanal mesorectum combined with laparoscopic surgery is a feasible and safe technique. The introduction of the variant technique using the instruments of endoscopic transanal microsurgery is more ergonomic and reduces costs.

Microcirugía transanal endoscópica en el tratamiento para el cáncer del recto

Introducción: La microcirugía transanal endoscópica es un procedimiento mínimamente invasivo que se aplica para el tratamiento local del cáncer del recto en estadios iniciales. Su utilización en estadios más avanzados del cáncer del recto resulta controversial. Sin embargo, con el uso rutinario del tratamiento neoadyuvante constituye una opción atractiva que se ha comenzado a considerar. Objetivo: Evaluar los resultados de la microcirugía transanal endoscópica para el tratamiento del cáncer del recto en el Centro Nacional de Cirugía de Mínimo Acceso. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio retrospectivo de una base de datos prospectiva de 18 años. La muestra fue de 150 pacientes que cumplieron con los criterios de selección y las variables estudiadas fueron: edad, sexo, indicación, tiempo quirúrgico, entre otras. Resultados: La principal indicación fue el adenocarcinoma del recto T1. La edad media fue 63 años (32-93); el tiempo quirúrgico, 76 minutos (25-240) y el tamaño tumoral, 2,8 cm (1-4). La estancia hospitalaria fue de 1 día (12 horas-7 días), la morbilidad fue 6,7 % y las principales complicaciones posoperatorias fueron el sangramiento, la dehiscencia de sutura, el absceso, la fístula rectovaginal y la estenosis. La recurrencia local fue 8,2 %, 7,1 % y 2,5 % para los adenocarcinomas T1, T2 y T3 respectivamente. La supervivencia global a los 5 años fue 97,5 % y la supervivencia libre de enfermedad fue 95,5 %. Conclusión: La microcirugía transanal endoscópica es una técnica factible y segura en el tratamiento de los adenocarcinomas T1, mientras que en los T2 y T3 se requiere de la radioquimioterapia preoperatoria.

Introduction: Transanal endoscopic microsurgery is a minimally invasive procedure applied for the local treatment of rectal cancer at early stages. Its use in more advanced stages of rectal cancer is controversial. However, with the routine use of neoadjuvant treatment, it is an attractive option that has begun to be considered. Objective: To assess the outcomes of transanal endoscopic microsurgery for the treatment of rectal cancer at Centro Nacional de Cirugía de Mínimo Acceso. Methods: A retrospective study of an 18-year prospective database was performed. The sample consisted of 150 patients who met the selection criteria and the variables studied were age, sex, indication, surgical time, among others. Results: The main indication was T1 rectal adenocarcinoma. The mean age was 63 years (32-93); surgical time, 76 minutes (25-240); and tumor size, 2.8 cm (1-4). Hospital stay was 1 day (12 hours-7 days), morbidity was 6.7 %, and the main postoperative complications were bleeding, suture dehiscence, abscess, rectovaginal fistula and stenosis. Local recurrence was 8.2 %, 7.1 % and 2.5 % for T1, T2 and T3 adenocarcinomas, respectively. Overall survival at 5 years was 97.5 % and disease-free survival was 95.5 %. Conclusion: Transanal endoscopic microsurgery is a feasible and safe technique for treating T1 adenocarcinomas, while T2 and T3 adenocarcinomas require preoperative radiochemotherapy.

Colangiopancreatografía endoscópica asistida por laparoscopia para el tratamiento de coledocolitiasis en pacientes con Y de Roux / Laparoscopic-assisted endoscopic cholangiopancreatography for the treatment of choledocholithiasis in patients with Roux-en-Y

Introducción. Los pacientes con antecedente de baipás gástrico que presentan coledocolitiasis no pueden ser tratados con la técnica convencional de colangiopancreatografía retrógrada endoscópica. En estos casos, la vía transgástrica abierta o asistida por laparoscopia, se convierte en una excelente alternativa a la exploración abierta de la vía biliar. Métodos. Estudio retrospectivo que incluyó pacientes adultos con coledocolitiasis y antecedente de gastrectomía subtotal o baipás gástrico con Y de Roux, llevados a colangiopancreatografía endoscópica transgástrica laparo-asistida, entre enero de 2019 y diciembre de 2021, en la Clínica CES de Medellín, Colombia. Resultados. Se encontraron siete pacientes, todos con antecedente de baipás gástrico para el manejo de la obesidad. La tasa de identificación y canulación de la vía biliar y extracción de cálculos fue del 100 % mediante el abordaje transgástrico laparo-asistido. Conclusión. De acuerdo con varias revisiones sistemáticas, esta técnica es relativamente fácil de implementar y segura, presentando una tasa de complicaciones inferior a 5 %. Se propone una variante de esta técnica

Introduction. Patients with a history of gastric bypass who present with choledocholithiasis cannot be treated with the conventional technique of endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography. In these cases, the open or laparoscopic-assisted transgastric approach becomes an excellent alternative to open bile duct gastric exploration. Methods. A retrospective review of patients with choledocholithiasis and a history of subtotal gastrectomy or gastric bypass with Roux-en-Y, who underwent laparo-assisted transgastric endoscopic cholangiopancreatography, was conducted between January 2019 and December 2021 at Clínica CES de Medellín, Colombia. Results. Seven patients were found, all with a history of gastric bypass secondary to obesity. The rate of bile duct identification and cannulation, and stone removal was 100% using the laparo-assisted transgastric approach. Conclusion. According to several systematic reviews, this technique is relatively easy to implement and safe, presenting a rate of complications less than 5%. A variant to this technique is proposed

Valor de la elastografía por patrones de colores en la reestadificación del cáncer de recto / Value of elastography by color patterns in the restaging of rectal cancer i: en

Introducción: La elastografía cualitativa por ecografía endoscópica es una técnica para examinar las propiedades elásticas de los tejidos, que puede distinguir la fibrosis del tumor mediante patrones de colores. Objetivo: Determinar el valor de la elastografía por patrones de colores en la reestadificación del cáncer de recto. Métodos: Se efectuó un estudio observacional y descriptivo (serie de casos) de 54 pacientes con cáncer de recto atendidos en el Centro Nacional de Cirugía de Mínimo Acceso, en La Habana, entre septiembre del 2018 y diciembre del 2022, a quienes se les realizó elastografía por ecografía endoscópica para la reevaluación del tumor. Para determinar el valor de dicha técnica se calculó la sensibilidad, la especificidad, los valores predictivos positivo y negativo, las razones de verosimilitud positiva y negativa, así como el índice de Youden. Se estableció la concordancia diagnóstica según el índice kappa y el estudio histológico de la muestra tomada fue el estándar de referencia. Resultados: La concordancia de la elastografía con el resultado anatomopatológico fue buena (κ=0,84). La especificidad y el índice de validez resultaron ser de 91,7 y 94,4 %, respectivamente; mientras que el valor predictivo negativo fue de 84,6 %. Los 16 pacientes con patrón elastográfico mixto (ye3) tenían tumor residual localizado en alguna de las capas de la pared del recto. El índice de Youden alcanzó valores cercanos a 1. Conclusiones: El valor de esta técnica radica en su especificidad diagnóstica y en el valor predictivo negativo al diferenciar la fibrosis del tumor residual en la pared rectal.

Introduction: The qualitative elastography by endoscopic echography is a technique to examine the elastic properties of tissues that can distinguish the fibrosis of the tumor by means of color patterns. Objective: To determine the value of elastography by color patterns in the reestadification of the rectum cancer. Methods: An observational and descriptive study (serial cases) of 54 patients with rectum cancer was carried out, who were assisted in the National Center of Minimum Access Surgery, in Havana, between September, 2018 and December, 2022 to whom elastography by endoscopic echography were carried out for the reevaluation of the tumor. To determine the value of this technique the sensibility, specificity, the predictive positive and negative values, the positive and negative true ratio, as well as the index of Youden were calculated. The diagnostic consistency was established according to the kappa index and the histologic study of the sample was the reference standard. Results: The elastography consistency with the pathologic result was good (ĸ=0.84). The specificity and the index of validity were 91.7 and 94.4%, respectively; while the negative predictive value was 84.6%. The 16 patients with mixed elastographic pattern (ye3) had residual tumor located in some of the layers of the rectum wall. The Youden index reached values close to 1. Conclusions: The value of this technique resides in its diagnostic specificity and negative predictive value when differentiating fibrosis from the residual tumor in the rectal wall.